Bullying Essay/Story Free Essays

Note: This is an exposition dependent on a genuine story. This was utilized in an olo provinical test in the past to help get ready for my English 10 provincials this past summer. Names were changed for distinguishing proof reasons. We will compose a custom article test on Tormenting Essay/Story or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now Tormenting is one of the most well-known issues in today’s society. Tormenting happens in school, work, or our own neighborhood. Harassing likewise happens on the web. Harassing is perhaps the hardest thing to get over, and this is my story. ~Intro ~ During the years I was harassed in school, I had a period standing up for myself and didn't feel totally about myself. I have been called names, been focus for tricks, and I know was genuinely and explicitly bugged by my companions and cohort. The main two individuals I can trust is my closest companion since eighth grade Rue and my grandma (who is my watchman). When something transpire during the school day, I attempt to be quiet about it and do whatever it takes not to let it trouble me. My method of escaping from tormenting is tuning in to music on my iPod. ~Chapter 1~ Grade 8 was the most passionate, upsetting year I had in the entirety of my school years. This is on the grounds that this one young lady named Clove, was destroying my life. She would advise anybody I was attempting to become acquainted with that I had a type of maladies and exhortation them to avoid me and powers them to be companions with her. She took one of my old buddy from move before. She caused everybody of my companions to conflict with me, to aside from Rue. She remained with me until the end. Her and I are as yet extraordinary companions today. We may not go to a similar secondary school now, however we attempt to see each other at whatever point we can. ~Chapter 2~ Clove, in any case, got meaner ordinary. Once, her and her companion Glimmer needed to converse with me after our group made treats in Home Ec close to he day's end. We were permit to take the treats home to our family and put them in a pack. Both Glimmer and Clove had one paper pack. I said yes then they took me outside under the immense Oak trees behind the school. Clove requested that Glimmer leave her and I some protection. Flicker left us after that. Clove inquired as to wheth er I saw Clove’s sweetheart at-the-time Peeta two or three days prior and kissed him. I definitely realized that solution to her inquiry since I was getting my work done on that night. So I said no. Clove was expecting that I was deceiving her and gazed each other for a couple of moments. What I didn’t know is that Glimmer was slippery crawling up to me and dumped a whole banner on me. Clove and Glimmer fled snickering, leaving me stunned and totally canvassed in flour. I raced to the homeroom (and it was additionally coming down that day as well) irate and angry. At the point when I stroll into my homeroom study hall, everybody was stunned and asked what occur. I told my educator Ms. Kennedy what befell me and made Clove and Glimmer remain in the workplace and sent me to the key office. ~Chapter 3~ Our primary Mr. Burwell, couldn’t accept what he has seen when I stroll into his office that day. At the point when I sat on the additional seats in his office, little hints of flour from the highest point of my head tumbled down to the seat as though the flour was snowflakes tumbling down from the sky. He asked me what befall me and I revealed to him the story. He was totally shocked. Ms Kennedy strolled into Mr. Burwell a couple of moments later after I mentioned to him what occur. Ms. Kennedy asked me who was getting me and I miserable my grandpa is getting me. My grandpa’s 2009 Hyundai naval force Elentra was sitting in drop off zone, hanging tight for me to come out. Ms. Kennedy at that point ran outside and the heavy storm and advised my grandpa to come inside to the workplace. He was befuddled and asked why he needs to come inside, that’s when he saw me in the key office, shrouded in flour. My grandpa was stunned and ask what occur. My head began to bother me and scratched my head as hard as Possible until my scalp began to sting and seep from the flour. The white little snowflakes from head keep on falling into the seat. Mr. Burwell asked Ms. Kennedy to take me to the impediment washroom (which was situated by close by his office) to attempt to remove some flour from my face while he clarifies my grandpa why I was canvassed in flour. At the point when Ms. Kennedy was attempting help me to take a portion of the flour off my face, it disturbed my skin. I simply need to rip off my skin and let myself seep to death. ~Chapter 4:~ When my grandpa and I returned home from the principal’s office, I ran upstairs to my lounge room and burst into tears. I didn’t comprehend why Clove was doing this to me. That is to say, why me? At the point when the most recent month of school went along, it was the most exceedingly terrible month of my life. This is totally begun when Clove chose to set up a birthday celebration for Rue. One of the food that was â€Å"suppose† to be given at the gathering was a look-a-like oats treats, however they didn’t taste like cereal by any stretch of the imagination. Clove, Glimmer, Cato, and Marvel (or I call Clove’s companions the â€Å"Career Tributes†) constrained me eat this treat was loaded up with dead creepy crawly, dust, earth, broken eggs shells, and so on. I felt wiped out for about fourteen days after that episode. ~Chapter 5~ I went to Rue’s section two or three days after the treats occurrence. I purchased a pleasant, fresh out of the plastic new outfit for Rue’s party. A blue tank top with ribbon on the top and on the base on the shirt, a dim skirt from American Eagle, a light dark coat to go on my shirt, and my dark Franco Santo wedges I got from my grandmother for Easter when she went to Seattle seven days before Easter. The gathering started at an Italian café. I made some awful memories at the eatery in light of the fact that Cato â€Å"accidentally† split pasta sauce from the supper he requested onto my spic and span top. I realized pasta sauce was difficult to take off on garments. We later went to Clove’s house, which it isn't a long way from the eatery. Clove told everybody that will be a water battle in an open field over the road from Clove’s house and advised everybody to get change into their bathing suit. I, in any case, didn't know there would have been a water battle, yet I recollect Rue revealed to me that the gathering will accomplish something with water. During the water swell battle, I made some hard memories tossing the inflatables at everybody on the grounds that the size of the inflatable was so enormous over my little kid like hands. The Career Tributes, including Clove, delighted in this battle. Why? Since I was their. Obviously, they needed to utilize me as their objective. After the battle, I was amazingly cold and wet idea that I would get a frightful cold the following day. ~Chapter 6~ We at that point watch Drag Me To Hell, a blood and gore film. Lament loathes blood and gore film. I gave Rue her birthday present while the film was on. I got her a diary, and a book call Three Cups Of Tea. I additionally made her a hand crafted card, utilizing my grandmother’s additional card stock and stamps she gathered throughout the years. Mourn adored her present and the card. Then, while every other person was viewing the film. There was a murdering scene on the TV. Everybody bounce, including Cato, who split a whole glass of lemonade on my fresh out of the plastic new skirt. I was so close of smacking him on the face. He spilt the lemonade squeeze on me deliberately. ~Chapter 7~ After I returned home from the gathering was finished, I returned home with my Dad, and my sister Prim, irate and upset. I need to make a move, however how? School was finishing in about fourteen days, so what’s the point? About two fourteen days after the fact, only a day prior to review 8 graduate, Clove and I got into a battle. She was fierce and alarming, as on the off chance that she was going transform into a frightful mammoth. She punched me, scratched me and called me names. Everything I did was mentioning to her my opinion of her. Revealing to her that she took Peeta from me, I attempted to retaliate. , however I didn’t need to in light of the fact that I realize that battling isn't an approach to take care of the issue. Her profession tributes were directly behind her to protect her. The remainder of my cohorts came what Clove let them know. Too terrified to even think about sticking up for themselves. They feared Clove and they would not like to conflict with her. They simply watch me endure. Regret was attempting to separate the battle among me and Clove. The scratch to my left side arm, close by my elbow, transformed into a scab. The scab made me insane and I couldn’t quit scratching it. I chose to transform the scab into a scar. To show individuals how fierce Clove was truly was. ~Chapter 8~ Finally, finally, Grad day went along. Shockingly, however, I needed to miss graduate practice two or three hours before graduate on account of Clove. I needed to sit in the workplace for the hour while the my evaluation 8 class was rehearsing for the function. I loathe the way that I missed something that was once in a blue moon, however Mr. Burwell was just doing this to ensure me. The remainder of the day, everybody (aside from the Career tributes and Clove) marked my year book. The torment was at long last finished. No more dread. No all the more stowing away. No feeling like I need to end my own life and cutting myself. I can move from this bad dream and go to secondary school in harmony. The best piece of going to secondary school, is that I wouldn’t need to stress over Clove any longer. Epilogue~ In the end, the story is at the forefront of my thoughts ordinary untruth it was grade 8 once more. One of the straps I learn is to address others. At the point when I converse with somebody about things, it causes me to feel better. At the point when I left center school, Clove and her tributes mates left me a great deal of harm, genuinely, intellectually, and enthusiastic. At the point when I see my self in the mirror, I don’t feel excellent and considers myself to be a terrible individual and wishes to have plastic medical procedure. At the point when I do my hair and make-up, the remarks of what Clove and her pack said to me would trouble me. At the point when I go garments shopping, I would abhor it in light of the fact that I’m not thin and fit like Clove and Glimmer. to be completely forthright, it’s difficult to get over it. It will frequent me for a considerable length of time to come. ~Note~ If you notice on the names of the characters (expect for Mr. Burwell and Ms. Kennedy), y

The Introdution To Food Industry Marketing Essay

The Introdution To Food Industry Marketing Essay Food is a fundamental need and food administration industry will consistently proceed popular. This industry incorporates eateries, quick nourishments, and cafeterias, providing food openings, food trucks, food trunks and so forth. Filipinos love to eat. This adoration for food and eating is the significant motivation behind why the food business has thrived well in the Philippines and why you will see a ton of cafés and quick nourishments dissipated everywhere throughout the nation. These quick nourishments and eateries can be nearby or worldwide. Filipino food is considered as a remarkable blend of Eastern and Western cooking styles that reflects the historical backdrop of the nation. It incorporates plates and cooking methods from nations like China, Spain, Mexico and the United States. Indeed, even albeit Filipino food has been affected by Eastern and Western nations, what makes it one of a kind is the history, the general public that presented and adjusted it and the individuals who acknowledged it into their homes and cafés. Filipinos are into acceptable food as well as the complete feasting experience, great food is only a piece of it. It is the manner in which we feel when we are inside an inexpensive food or eatery. How it feels to supper out with family or companions or in any event, when youre without anyone else. While picking a café or an inexpensive food, clients as a rule check for the neatness of the spot, newness of the food, looked out for premises, enough stopping territory, the state of mind, structure and place that is known for the spot, and for certain eateries, even the music. The physical and enthusiastic reaction is a consequence of every one of these variables. These can make the entire feasting experience level better. An ongoing report shows that because of monetary emergency, clients or buyers imagine that with regards to food shopping, getting ready and eating. They are not for weight reduction or simply eating out at extravagant cafés however they pick what they eat for wellbeing. They need more nourishment for their cash and are increasingly aware of it. Presentation OF FAST FOOD Inexpensive food will be food, which is prepared and served rapidly at outlets called drive-through eateries. An eatery is an association that serves prepared food and refreshments on tables set for people, pair or greater gatherings, to be devoured principally on the area. Eateries serve a wide assortment of food at a specific cost given on its menu card for on or off the spot utilization. These incorporate eating foundations where shoppers are served at walkup or make away requesting counters for either on or off structure utilization. Be that as it may, most great eatery serve food at tables to their purchasers for on-premises utilization. Huge numbers of the café networks, have improved their yearly deals many occasions over, well away from the restrictions of the tables they can served every day, by commitment hot very much pressed suppers through free home conveyance administration on orders put through a call. It is multi-billion peso organizations that keep on growing up rapidly in numerous nations. A drive-through joint is a café described both by food which is provided rapidly in the wake of requesting, and by littlest assistance. The food in these eateries is regularly cooked in mass ahead of time and saved hot, or warmed to arrange. Some drive-thru eateries are a piece of eatery networks or permit tasks, and normalized food are sent to every café from focal areas. In todays world, setting off to an eatery has more to do with mingle then to simply having a bite. Just a couple of decades switch cafés were uncommonly target families, which circumstance doesn't remain constant today. These days, even kids; normally eat out with their companions, all alone. Thusly, eateries are not just about food of mood. On an overall level, they are a significant provider to the economy while on close to home levels it furnishes us with a spot to effectively associate with others. Goals To set up a presence asâ a fruitful neighborhood cheap food outlets and get a piece of the pie in Philippiness inexpensive food industry. To make FRHANP Friesâ a goal spot for shopping centers. To venture into various outlets by close to years, and offer the establishment to neighboring metropolitan urban communities. Crucial Our primary objective is to be one of the best inexpensive food outlets in Philippines, beginning with one retail outlet situated inside a significant shopping center as a market analyzer. Our primary center will serve excellent food at an incredible worth. Organization SUMMARY What is FRHANP Fries? FRHANP Fries sellsâ foodie fries in a coneâ with aâ choice of glue. We utilize the idea of Belgian Fries, where the fries are completely produced using new potatoes and seared twice. Our outlet likewise gives incredible and agreeable client support to help the feel of fun, vivacious and energetic lifestyle.â Energetic and new environmental factors We will imitateâ successful foundations, for example, Jamba Juice and Starbucks, which speak to most of our center objective market, between 18 to 35 years old. Our store will include show cooking of our highlighted Fries from slicing to fricasseeing. Our clients will likewise have the option to peruse our in-house pamphlets with respect to all information about Fries and our included sauces just as different items like burgers and shakes. Our store will be embellished with cheap food setting, for example, a brilliant counter and show menu on the divider. Quality Food Eachâ store willâ offer only newly seared Belgian fries, sandwiches, Burgers, Shakes and assortment of interesting mix sauces, all presented with antiquated home-style care. Open Everyday Our store is open regularly from 10 am to 9 pm. Assortment, assortment, assortment An alternate choice of burgers and sandwiches will be included like clockwork and we will likewise change our Indian soft drink flavors and shakes to go with our fries. Start-up Summary The retail outlet will be leased at one of the objective area shopping centers. Our inclination is Space A, for the fundamental explanation of arriving at bigger traffic. Startup necessities will be financed through proprietor speculations. http://www.bplans.com/fast_food_restaurant_business_plan/pictures/3ea7e45235fa4bd5ad6f924765b00e74.png Start-up Requirements Start-up Expenses Rs. Kitchen and Fixtures 1144800 Furniture and Interior 874500 Lawful 159000 Lease 795000 Bundling and Stationary 450500 Possibilities 222600 Absolute Start-up Expenses 3646400 Start-up Assets 0 Money Required 2650000 Other Current Assets 0 Long haul Assets 0 Complete Assets 2650000 Complete Requirements 6296400 Items We need to concentrate just on selling fries. Mixed beverages won't be sold in our outlet, as FRHANP Fries advances a sound and positive Philippino way of life. Rather, we will offer Idian Soda and Sandwichesâ to supplement the fries. The plunges for Belgian style fries can likewise be presented with sandwiches, theyâ are accessible in excess of 20 flavors: Pesto Mayo Traditional Sambal Satay mash Korean BBQ Teriyaki mash Hot Chili mash Thai Chili Ketchup Garlic Dip Velvety Wasabi Mayo Simmered Pepper Mayo Magma Cheese Dark Pepper mash Curry Ketchup Grill Jalapeno Ketchup Caribbean Islands Serious Comparison FARHANP Fries has a few points of interest over its driving rivals: We expect a high level of excitement and offer a great store with inviting staff that mirrors the companys young and lively culture. Supporting product things that help the companys brand building. Our seared potato is made 100% new, contrasted with most cheap food outlets that utilization solidified fries. Our plunging mash is additionally made new without additives. Our creative bundling will be more engaging than our rivals. Organization Clean Worth Promoting Hang Out Basic New Cool Mainstream society FAHANP truly truly truly truly truly Truly truly truly McDonalds Truly Truly Truly Truly Truly No Truly Truly KFC Truly Truly No Truly No No Truly No Metro Truly Truly Truly No Truly Truly No No Deals Literature FARHANP Fries will utilize promoting and deals projects to get the word out to clients. 1500 shading pamphlets to be disseminated all through goal shopping center and offices: coming up, films, region restaurants, data during the terrific opening. Half page magazine audits in Philippiness way of life magazines that promote the nearness of the outlet. Sourcing New potatoes will be conveyed week after week by our wholesaler legitimately from the India . We likewise have an understanding with Company to solely fabricate our Shakes and mark sauces. Future Products For the present, we will concentrate on selling fries and mark shakes, burgers and sauces. Be that as it may, as we develop further, we will add new classifications to our menu, for example, Belgian Sandwiches and Buffalo wings. Later on, our development methodology will offer the establishment of our image to food business visionaries in the Philippine area. Worth Meal Deals of FRHANP Fries won't just produced from the selling of its acclaimed Belgian Fries, yet in addition will be created by the origination of an imaginative bundle menu called the worth feast. It fundamentally comprises of a mix of our highlighted Belgian Fries, sandwiches and Indian soft drink at more noteworthy incentive than selling at singular things. Further customization should be possible by selling a greater size of fries called Uber FRHANP to draw in value touchy clients. Market Analysis Summary Customer uses for cheap food in Philippines ascend during the year's end 2012, trailed by the recuperation of Philippiness economy. The expanding number of new foundations, for example, inexpensive food establishments, extravagant cafés and foodie pastry shops around Philippines has indicated a noteworthy development in this segment. Food spending is around 56% of all out buyer uses in Philippines, and consumerâ spending on relaxation and entertainment made up of 13% of absolute customer spending. Aâ much more extensive intrigue exists for end of the week openings on the grounds that those are the days when the vast majority of our center objective market appreciates the shopping center going exercises. Ageâ Youngsters, si

suPHP - Recommended By WordPress For Better Security

suPHP - Recommended By WordPress For Better Security Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!suPHP Recommended By WordPress For Better SecurityUpdated On 13/01/2016Author : Pradeep KumarTopic : WordPressShort URL : http://hbb.me/1RkjEDr CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogIm taking a wild guess here, if you are a Blogger and if you are reading this, then probably you are indeed using a WordPress blog, or maybe you want to use a WordPress(.org) blog. Right? Its okay. The point is, its easy to install a WordPress CMS, but when you want to secure your WordPress blog, things get a little bit tricky. Well talk about suPHP and why we need them.What Is suPHP?suPHP (Secuure PHP) is a tool used for executing PHP scripts and it is controlled by the owners. It has an Apache module (mod_suphp) and a setuid root binary (suphp). With suPHP, the file permission handling will be more secure than it is normal.YOU MAY ALSO BE INTERESTED IN THIS ARTICLE:20+ Essential Tips To Prote ct Your WordPress BlogWhy Do We Need suPHP?First, if you are a WordPress user and if they recommend suPHP, then thats a reason. Second, your hosting will use your accounts username instead of their servers default shared username, which is more secure. This allows PHP processes to run under the owner of the file. By default PHP runs on the web server as user nobody, and you can override this.Hosting is more secure when PHP applications, like WordPress, are run using your account’s username instead of the server’s default shared username. The most common way nowadays for hosting companies to do this is using suPHP. Just ask your potential host if they run suPHP or something similar. (via WordPress Requirements)Apart from security stuff, this makes PHP applications like popular CMSs more user-friendly. This is all about file permissions and right ownership. Itll prevent vulnerabilities and make your WordPress blog more secure. Most of the web hosting companies avoid suPHP for shar ed hosting since itll be an issue for other websites hosted on the same server. If you are a hardcore programmer or coder, you can manually do the suPHP thing on your server, if not, you can always ask your web hosting support to install suPHP on your server (if it is not already present) for you, Im sure theyll be happy to keep their servers (and your blogs) more secure.READBrand Your WordPress Blog's Database Error PageYou can either get a server which will support this or you can get an account on web hosting platforms like Inmotion Hosting where its already been configured.If you are still confused about this, do let us know your queries in the comments below and well be happy to help you out regarding this.

Change detection in land use and land cover using remote sensing data and gis - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 25 Words: 7618 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Geography Essay Type Essay any type Did you like this example? CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study Studies have shown that there remains only few landscapes on the Earth that are still in there natural state. Due to anthropogenic activities, the Earth surface is being significantly altered in some manner and mans presence on the Earth and his use of land has had a profound effect upon the natural environment thus resulting into an observable pattern in the land use/land cover over time. The land use/land cover pattern of a region is an outcome of natural and socio economic factors and their utilization by man in time and space. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Change detection in land use and land cover using remote sensing data and gis" essay for you Create order Land is becoming a scarce resource due to immense agricultural and demographic pressure. Hence, information on land use / land cover and possibilities for their optimal use is essential for the selection, planning and implementation of land use schemes to meet the increasing demands for basic human needs and welfare. This information also assists in monitoring the dynamics of land use resulting out of changing demands of increasing population. Land use and land cover change has become a central component in current strategies for managing natural resources and monitoring environmental changes. The advancement in the concept of vegetation mapping has greatly increased research on land use land cover change thus providing an accurate evaluation of the spread and health of the worlds forest, grassland, and agricultural resources has become an important priority. Viewing the Earth from space is now crucial to the understanding of the influence of mans activities on his natural reso urce base over time. In situations of rapid and often unrecorded land use change, observations of the earth from space provide objective information of human utilization of the landscape. Over the past years, data from Earth sensing satellites has become vital in mapping the Earths features and infrastructures, managing natural resources and studying environmental change. Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) are now providing new tools for advanced ecosystem management. The collection of remotely sensed data facilitates the synoptic analyses of Earth system function, patterning, and change at local, regional and global scales over time; such data also provide an important link between intensive, localized ecological research and regional, national and international conservation and management of biological diversity (Wilkie and Finn, 1996). Therefore, attempt will be made in this study to map out the status of land use land cover of Ilorin between 1972 and 2001 with a view to detecting the land consumption rate and the changes that has taken place in this status particularly in the built-up land so as to predict possible changes that might take place in this status in the next 14 years using both Geographic Information System and Remote Sensing data. 1.2 Statement of the Problem Ilorin, the Kwara State, capital has witnessed remarkable expansion, growth and developmental activities such as building, road construction, deforestation and many other anthropogenic activities since its inception in 1967 just like many other state capitals in Nigeria. This has therefore resulted in increased land consumption and a modification and alterations in the status of her land use land cover over time without any detailed and comprehensive attempt (as provided by a Remote Sensing data and GIS) to evaluate this status as it changes over time with a view to detecting the land consumption rate and also make attempt to predict same and the possible changes that may occur in this status so that planners can have a basic tool for planning. It is therefore necessary for a study such as this to be carried out if Ilorin will avoid the associated problems of a growing and expanding city like many others in the world. 1.3 Justification for the Study Indeed, attempt has been made to document the growth of Ilorin in the past but that from an aerial photography (Olorunfemi, 1983). In recent times, the dynamics of Land use Land cover and particularly settlement expansion in the area requires a more powerful and sophisticated system such as GIS and Remote Sensing data which provides a general extensive synoptic coverage of large areas than area photography 1.4Aim and Objectives 1.4.1 Aim The aim of this study is to produce a land use land cover map of Ilorin at different epochs in order to detect the changes that have taken place particularly in the built-up land and subsequently predict likely changes that might take place in the same over a given period. 1.4.2 Objectives The following specific objectives will be pursued in order to achieve the aim above. To create a land use land cover classification scheme To determine the trend, nature, rate, location and magnitude of land use land cover change. To forecast the future pattern of land use land cover in the area. To generate data on land consumption rate and land absorption coefficient since more emphasis is placed on built-up land. To evaluate the socio economic implications of predicted change. 1.5 The Study Area The study area (Ilorin) is the capital of Kwara State. It is located on latitude 80 31 N and 40 35 E with an Area of about 100km square (Kwara State Diary1997). Being situated in the transitional zone; between the forest and the savanna region of Nigeria i.e. the North and the West coastal region, it therefore serves as a melting point between the northern and southern culture.(Oyebanji, 1993). Her geology consists of pre-Cambrian basement complex with an elevation which ranges between 273m to 333m in the West and 200m to 364m in the East. The landscape of the region (Ilorin) is relatively flat, this means it is located on a plain and is crested by two large rivers, the river Asa and Oyun which flows in North South direction divides the plain into two; Western and Eastern part (Oyebanji, 1993). The climate is humid tropical type and is characterized by wet and dry seasons (Ilorin Atlas 1981). The wet season begins towards the end of March and ends in October. A dry season in the town begins with the onset of tropical continental air mass commonly referred to as harmattan. This wind is usually predominant between the months of November and February (Olaniran 2002). The temperature is uniformly high throughout the year. The mean monthly temperature of the town for the period of 1991 2000 varies between 250 C and 29.50 C with the month of March having about 300C. Ilorin falls into the southern savanna zone. This zone is a transition between the high forest in the southern part of the country and the far North with woodland properties. (Osoba, 1980). Her vegetation is characterized by scattered tall tree shrubs of between the height of ten and twelve feet. Oyegun in 1993 described the vegetation to be predominantly covered by derived savannah found in East and West and are noted for their dry lowland rainforest vegetal cover. As noted by Oyegun in 1983, Ilorin is one of the fastest growing urban centers in Nigeria. Her rate of population growt h is much higher than for other cities in the country (Oyegun, 1983). Ilorin city has grown in both population and areal extent at a fast pace since 1967 (Oyegun, 1983). The Enplan group (1977) puts the population at 400,000 which made it then the sixth largest town in Nigeria. The town had a population of 40, 990 in 1952 and 208, 546 in 1963 and was estimated as 474, 835 in 1982 (Oyegun, 1983). In 1984, the population was 480, 000 (Oyegun, 1985). This trend in population growth rate shows a rapid growth in population. The growth rate between 1952 and 1963 according to Oyebanji, 1983 is put at 16.0 which is higher than other cities in the country. The population as estimated by the 1991 population census was put at 570,000. 1.6 Definition of Terms (i) Remote sensing: Can be defined as any process whereby information is gathered about an object, area or phenomenon without being in contact with it. Given this rather general definition, the term has come to be associated more specifically with the gauging of interactions between earth surface materials and electromagnetic energy. (Idrisi 32 guide to GIS and Image processing, volume 1). (ii) Geographic Information system: A computer assisted system for the acquisition, storage, analysis and display of geographic data (Idrisi 32 guide to GIS and Image processing, volume 1). (iii) Land use: This is the manner in which human beings employ the land and its resources. (iv) Land cover: Implies the physical or natural state of the Eaths surface. CHAPTER TWO 2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW According to Meyer, 1999 every parcel of land on the Earths surface is unique in the cover it possesses. Land use and land cover are distinct yet closely linked characteristics of the Earths surface. The use to which we put land could be grazing, agriculture, urban development, logging, and mining among many others. While land cover categories could be cropland, forest, wetland, pasture, roads, urban areas among others. The term land cover originally referred to the kind and state of vegetation, such as forest or grass cover but it has broadened in subsequent usage to include other things such as human structures, soil type, biodiversity, surface and ground water (Meyer, 1995). Land use affects land cover and changes in land cover affect land use. A change in either however is not necessarily the product of the other. Changes in land cover by land use do not necessarily imply degradation of the land. However, many shifting land use patterns driven by a variety of social causes, result in land cover changes that affects biodiversity, water and radiation budgets, trace gas emissions and other processes that come together to affect climate and biosphere (Riebsame, Meyer, and Turner, 1994). Land cover can be altered by forces other than anthropogenic. Natural events such as weather, flooding, fire, climate fluctuations, and ecosystem dynamics may also initiate modifications upon land cover. Globally, land cover today is altered principally by direct human use: by agriculture and livestock raising, forest harvesting and management and urban and suburban construction and development. There are also incidental impacts on land cover from other human activities such as forest and lakes damaged by acid rain from fossil fuel combustion and crops near cities damaged by tropospheric ozone resulting from automobile exhaust (Meyer, 1995). Hence, in order to use land optimally, it is not only necessary to have the information on existing land use land cover but also the capability to monitor the dynamics of land use resulting out of both changing demands of increasing population and forces of nature acting to shape the landscape. Conventional ground methods of land use mapping are labor intensive, time consuming and are done relatively infrequently. These maps soon become outdated with the passage of time, particularly in a rapid changing environment. In fact according to Olorunfemi (1983), monitoring changes and time series analysis is quite difficult with traditional method of surveying. In recent years, satellite remote sensing techniques have been developed, which have proved to be of immense value for preparing accurate land use land cover maps and monitoring changes at regular intervals of time. In case of inaccessible region, this technique is perhaps the only method of obtaining the required data on a cost and time effective basis. A remote sensing device records response which is based on many characteristics of the land surfac e, including natural and artificial cover. An interpreter uses the element of tone, texture, pattern, shape, size, shadow, site and association to derive information about land cover. The generation of remotely sensed data/images by various types of sensor flown aboard different platforms at varying heights above the terrain and at different times of the day and the year does not lead to a simple classification system. It is often believed that no single classification could be used with all types of imagery and all scales. To date, the most successful attempt in developing a general purpose classification scheme compatible with remote sensing data has been by Anderson et al which is also referred to as USGS classification scheme. Other classification schemes available for use with remotely sensed data are basically modification of the above classification scheme. Ever since the launch of the first remote sensing satellite (Landsat-1) in 1972, land use land cover studies were carried out on different scales for different users. For instance, waste land mapping of India was carried out on 1:1 million scales by NRSA using 1980 82 landsat multi spectral scanner data. About 16.2% of waste lands were estimated based on the study. Xiaomei Y, and Rong Qing L.Q.Y in 1999 noted that information about change is necessary for updating land cover maps and the management of natural resources. The information may be obtained by visiting sites on the ground and or extracting it from remotely sensed data. Change detection is the process of identifying differences in the state of an object or phenomenon by observing it at different times (Singh, 1989). Change detection is an important process in monitoring and managing natural resources and urban development because it provides quantitative analysis of the spatial distribution of the population of interest. Macleod and Congation (1998) list four aspects of change detection which are important when monitoring na tural resources: i. Detecting the changes that have occurred ii. Identifying the nature of the change iii. Measuring the area extent of the change iv. Assessing the spatial pattern of the change The basis of using remote sensing data for change detection is that changes in land cover result in changes in radiance values which can be remotely sensed. Techniques to perform change detection with satellite imagery have become numerous as a result of increasing versatility in manipulating digital data and increasing computer power. A wide variety of digital change detection techniques have been developed over the last two decades. Singh (1989) and Coppin Bauer (1996) summarize eleven different change detection algorithms that were found to be documented in the literature by 1995. These include: 1. Mono-temporal change delineation. 2. Delta or post classification comparisons. 3. Multidimensional temporal feature space analysis. 4. Composite analysis. 5. I mage differencing. 6. Multitemporal linear data transformation. 7. Change vector analysis. 8. Image regression. 9. Multitemporal biomass index 10. Background subtraction. 11. Image ratioing In some instances, land use land cover change may result in environmental, social and economic impacts of greater damage than benefit to the area (Moshen A, 1999). Therefore data on land use change are of great importance to planners in monitoring the consequences of land use change on the area. Such data are of value to resources management and agencies that plan and assess land use patterns and in modeling and predicting future changes. Shosheng and Kutiel (1994) investigated the advantages of remote sensing techniques in relation to field surveys in providing a regional description of vegetation cover. The results of their research were used to produce four vegetation cover maps that provided new information on spatial and temporal distributions of vegetation in this ar ea and allowed regional quantitative assessment of the vegetation cover. Arvind C. Pandy and M. S. Nathawat (2006) carried out a study on land use land cover mapping of Panchkula, Ambala and Yamunanger districts, Hangana State in India. They observed that the heterogeneous climate and physiographic conditions in these districts has resulted in the development of different land use land cover in these districts, an evaluation by digital analysis of satellite data indicates that majority of areas in these districts are used for agricultural purpose. The hilly regions exhibit fair development of reserved forests. It is inferred that land use land cover pattern in the area are generally controlled by agro climatic conditions, ground water potential and a host of other factors. It has been noted over time through series of studies that Landsat Thematic Mapper is adequate for general extensive synoptic coverage of large areas. As a result, this reduces the need for expensive and ti me consuming ground surveys conducted for validation of data. Generally, satellite imagery is able to provide more frequent data collection on a regular basis unlike aerial photographs which although may provide more geometrically accurate maps, is limited in respect to its extent of coverage and expensive; which means, it is not often used. In 1985, the U.S Geological Survey carried out a research program to produce 1:250,000 scale land cover maps for Alaska using Landsat MSS data (Fitz Patrick et al, 1987).The State of Maryland Health Resources Planning Commission also used Landsat TM data to create a land cover data set for inclusion in their Maryland Geographic Information (MAGI) database. All seven TM bands were used to produce a 21 class land cover map (EOSAT 1992). Also, in 1992, the Georgia Department of Natural Resources completed mapping the entire State of Georgia to identify and quantify wetlands and other land cover types using Landsat Thematic Mapper à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ data (ERDAS, 1992). The State of southern Carolina Lands Resources Conservation Commission developed a detailed land cover map composed of 19 classes from TM data (EOSAT, 1994). This mapping effort employed multi-temporal imagery as well as multi-spectral data during classification. An analysis of land use and land cover changes using the combination of MSS Landsat and land use map of Indonesia (Dimyati, 1995) reveals that land use land cover change were evaluated by using remote sensing to calculate the index of changes which was done by the superimposition of land use land cover images of 1972, 1984 and land use maps of 1990. This was done to analyze the pattern of change in the area, which was rather difficult with the traditional method of surveying as noted by Olorunfemi in 1983 when he was using aerial photographic approach to monitor urban land use in developing countries with Ilorin in Nigeria as the case study. Daniel et al, 2002 in their comparison of land use lan d cover change detection methods, made use of 5 methods viz; traditional post classification cross tabulation, cross correlation analysis, neural networks, knowledge based expert systems, and image segmentation and object oriented classification. A combination of direct T1 and T2 change detection as well as post classification analysis was employed. Nine land use land cover classes were selected for analysis. They observed that there are merits to each of the five methods examined, and that, at the point of their research, no single approach can solve the land use change detection problem. Also, Adeniyi and Omojola, (1999) in their land use land cover change evaluation in Sokoto Rima Basin of North Western Nigeria based on Archival Remote Sensing and GIS techniques, used aerial photographs, Landsat MSS, SPOT XS/Panchromatic image Transparency and Topographic map sheets to study changes in the two dams (Sokoto and Guronyo) between 1962 and 1986. The work revealed that land us e land cover of both areas was unchanged before the construction while settlement alone covered most part of the area. However, during the post dam era, land use /land cover classes changed but with settlement still remaining the largest. CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction The procedure adopted in this research work forms the basis for deriving statistics of land use dynamics and subsequently in the overall, the findings. 3.2 Data Acquired and Source For the study, Landsat satellite images of Kwara State were acquired for three Epochs; 1972, 1986 and 2001. Both 1972 and 1986 were obtained from Global Land Cover Facility (GLCF) an Earth Science Data Interface, while that of 2001 was obtained from National Space Research and Development Agency in Abuja (NASRDA). 0n both 2001 and 1986 images, a notable feature can be observed which is the Asa dam which was not yet constructed as of 1972. It is also important to state that Ilorin and its environs which were carved out using the local government boundary map and Nigerian Administrative map was also obtained from NASRDA. These were brought to Universal Transverse Marcator projection in zone 31. S/N DATA TYPE DATE OF PRODUCTION SCALE SOURCE 1. 2. 3. Landsat image Landsat image Landsat image 2001-11-03 1986-11-15 1972-11-07 30m à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ 30m TM 80m TM NASRDA GLCF GLCF 4 FORMECU Land use/land cover Vegetation map. 1995 1:1,495, 389 (view scale) FORMECU 5 Administrative and local government Map of Nigeria. 2005 1:15,140,906 (view scale) NASRDA 6 Land use and infrastructure map of Ilorin. 1984 1:150, 000 Ilorin Agricultural Development Project Table 3.1 Data Source 3.2.1 Geo-referencing Properties of the Images The geo-referencing properties of both 1986 2001 are the same while image thinning was applied to the 1972 imagery which has a resolution of 80m using a factor of two to modify its properties and resolution to conform to the other two has given below; Data type: rgb8 File type: binary Columns: 535 Rows: 552 Referencing system: utm-31 Reference units: m Unit distance: 1 Minimum X: 657046.848948 Maximum X: 687541.848948 Minimum Y: 921714.403281 Maximum Y: 953178.403281 Min Value: 0 Max Value: 215 Display Minimum: 0 Display Maximum: 215 Image thinning was carried out through contract; contract generalizes an image by reducing the number of rows and columns while simultaneously decreasing the cell resolution. Contraction may take place by pixel thinning or pixel aggregation with the contracting factors in X and Y being independently defined. With pixel thinning, every nth pixel is kept while the remaining is thrown away. 3.3 Software Used Basically, five software were used for this project viz; (a) ArcView 3.2a this was used for displaying and subsequent processing and enhancement of the image. It was also used for the carving out of Ilorin region from the whole Kwara State imagery using both the admin and local government maps. (b) ArcGIS This was also used to compliment the display and processing of the data (c) Idrisi32 This was used for the development of land use land cover classes and subsequently for change detection analysis of the study area. (d) Microsoft word was used basically for the presentation of the research. (e) Microsoft Excel was used in producing the bar graph. 3.4 Development of a Classification Scheme Based on the priori knowledge of the study area for over 20 years and a brief reconnaissance survey with additional information from previous research in the study area, a classification scheme was developed for the study area after Anderson et al (1967). The classification scheme developed gives a rather broad classification where the land use land cover was identified by a single digit. CODE LAND USE/LAND COVER CATEGORIES 1 Farmland 2 Wasteland 3 Built-up land 4 Forestland 5 Water bodies Table 3.2 Land use land cover classification scheme The classification scheme given in table 3.2 is a modification of Andersons in 1967 The definition of waste land as used in this research work denotes land without scrub, sandy areas, dry grasses, rocky areas and other human induced barren lands. 3.5 Limitation(s) in the Study There was a major limitation as a result of resolution difference. Landsat image of 1972 was acquired with the multi spectral scanner (MSS) which has a spatial resolution of 80 meters, whilst the images of 1986 and 2001 were acquired with Thematic Mapper à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ and Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM) respectively. These both have a spatial resolution of 30 meters. Although this limitation was corrected for through image thinning of the 1972, it still prevented its use for projecting into the future so as to have a consistent result. Apart from this, it produced an arbitrary classification of water body for the 1972 classification. 3.6 Methods of Data Analysis Six main methods of data analysis were adopted in this study. (i) Calculation of the Area in hectares of the resulting land use/land cover types for each study year and subsequently comparing the results. (ii) Markov Chain and Cellular Automata Analysis for predicting change (iii) Overlay Operations (iv) Image thinning (v) Maximum Likelihood Classification (vi) Land Consumption Rate and Absorption Coefficient The fist three methods above were used for identifying change in the land use types. Therefore, they have been combined in this study. The comparison of the land use land cover statistics assisted in identifying the percentage change, trend and rate of change between 1972 and 2001. In achieving this, the first task was to develop a table showing the area in hectares and the percentage change for each year (1972, 1986 and 2001) measured against each land use land cover type. Percentage change to determine the trend of change can then be calculated by dividing observed change by sum of changes multiplied by 100 (trend) percentage change = observed change * 100 Sum of change In obtaining annual rate of change, the percentage change is divided by 100 and multiplied by the number of study year 1972 1986 (14years) 1986 2001 (15years) Going by the second method (Markov Chain Analysis and Cellular Automata Analysis), Markov Chain Analysis is a convenient tool for modeling land use change when changes and processes in the landscape are difficult to describe. A Markovian process is one in which the future state of a system can be modeled purely on the basis of the immediately preceding state. Markovian chain analysis will describe land use change from one period to another and use this as the basis to project future changes. This is achieved by developing a transition probability matrix of land use change from time one to time two, which shows the nature of change while still serving as the basis for projecting to a later t ime period .The transition probability may be accurate on a per category basis, but there is no knowledge of the spatial distribution of occurrences within each land use category. Hence, Cellular Automata (CA) was used to add spatial character to the model. CA_Markov uses the output from the Markov Chain Analysis particularly Transition Area file to apply a contiguity filter to grow out land use from time two to a later time period. In essence, the CA will develop a spatially explicit weighting more heavily areas that proximate to existing land uses. This will ensure that land use change occurs proximate to existing like land use classes, and not wholly random. Overlay operations which is the last method of the three, identifies the actual location and magnitude of change although this was limited to the built-up land. Boolean logic was applied to the result through the reclass module of idrisi32 which assisted in mapping out separately areas of change for which magnitude was later calculated for. The Land consumption rate and absorption coefficient formula are give below; L.C.R = A P A = areal extent of the city in hectares P = population L.A.C = A2 A1 P2 P1 A1 and A2 are the areal extents (in hectares) for the early and later years, and P1 and P2 are population figure for the early and later years respectively (Yeates and Garner, 1976) L.C.R = A measure of compactness which indicates a progressive spatial expansion of a city. L.A.C = A measure of change in consumption of new urban land by each unit increase in urban population Both the 2001 and 2015 population figures were estimated from the 1991 and the estimated 2001 population figures of Ilorin respectively using the recommended National Population Commission (NPC) 2.1% growth rate as obtained from the 1963/1991 censuses. The first task to estimating the population figures was to multiply the growth rate by the census figures of Ilorin in both years (1991, 2001) while subsequently dividing same by 100. The result was then multiplied by the number of years being projected for, the result of which was then added to the base year population (1991, 2001). This is represented in the formula below; n = r/100 * Po (1) Pn = Po + (n * t) (2) Pn = estimated population (2001, 2015) Po = base year population (1991 2001 population figure) r = growth rate (2.1%) n = annual population growth t = number of years projecting for *The formula given for the population estimate was developed by the researcher In evaluating the socio economic implications of change, the effect of observed changes in the land use and land cover between 1972 and 2001 were used as major criteria. CHAPTER FOUR DATA ANALYSIS 4.0 Introduction The objective of this study forms the basis of all the analysis carried out in this chapter. The results are presented inform of maps, charts and statistical tables. They include the static, change and projected land use land cover of each class. 4.1 Land Use Land Cover Distribution The static land use land cover distribution for each study year as derived from the maps are presented in the table below LANDUSE/LAND COVER CATEGORIES 1972 1986 2001 AREA (Ha.) AREA (%) AREA (Ha.) AREA (%) AREA (Ha.) AREA (%) FARM LAND 2437.62723 25 7965.5733 8 14068.4949 15 WASTE LAND 41436.7713 43 55561.149 59 50317.263 52 BUILT-UP LAND 2198.2734 2 9702.8136 10 10815.921 11 FOREST LAND 11036.494 12 21393.0405 22 19960.2315 21 WATER BODY 16874.6562 18 1326.8916 1 787.5576 1 TOTAL 95949.468 100 95949.468 100 95949.468 100 Table 4.1 Land Use Land Cover Distribution (1972, 1986, 2001) The figures presented in table 4.1 above represents the static area of each land use land cover category for each study year. Built-up in 1972 occupies the least class with just 2% of the total classes. This may not be unconnected to the fact that the town (Ilorin) was made the state capital in MAP I. Derived from landsat image of Ilorin in 1972 1967 which is just five years old from the date of creation to the date the image was taken. Also, farming seems to be practiced moderately, occupying 25% of the total classes. This may be due to the fact that the city is just moving away from the rather traditional setting where farming seems to form the basis for living. Apart from this, the time of the year in which the area was imaged which happens to fall within the onset of hamattan could also be a major contributing factor to the observed classification, contributing to the high percentage of waste land an d the low percentage of forest land. Water body also seems to be arbitrarily exaggerated in the classification due to the aforementioned problem in section 3.5 In 1986, waste land still occupies the highest class with 59% of the total class, taking up more than half of the total classes. Furthermore, the high percentage may be due to the season of the year as mentioned in the last paragraph. Water body takes up the least percentage in the total class. The pattern of land use land cover distribution in 2001 also follows the pattern in 1986. Waste land still occupies a major part of the total land but there exist an increase by half in the total farm land. Still, water body maintains the least position in the classes whilst built-up occupies 11% of the total class. 4.2 Land Consumption Rate and Absorption Coefficient YEAR LAND CONSUMPTION RATE YEAR LAND ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT 1972 0.005 1972/86 0.09 1986 0.02 86/2001 0.005 2001 0.01 Table 4.2.1 YEAR POPULATION FIGURE SOURCE 1977 400,000 EPLAN GROUP 1977 1984 480,000 OYEGUN 1986 2001 689,700 RESEARCHERS ESTIMATE Table 4.2.2 Population figure of Ilorin in 1977, 1984 and 2001 It should be noted here that the closest year population available to each study year as shown above were used in generating both the Land Consumption Rates and the Land Absorption Coefficients as given in table 4.2.1 4.3 Land Use Land Cover Change: Trend, Rate and Magnitude LANDUSE/LAND COVER CATEGORIES 1972 1986 1986 2001 ANNUAL RATE OF CHANGE AREA (Ha.) PERCE TAGE CHANGE AREA (Ha.) PERCENT AGE CHA NGE 72 86 86 2001 FARM LAND -16410.699 -17 6102.9216 7 14068.4949 1.05 WASTE LAND 14124.3777 16 -5243886 -7 50317.263 -1.05 BUILT-UP LAND 7504.5402 8 1113.1074 1 10815.921 0.15 FOREST LAND 4518.3838 10 -1432.809 -1 19960.2315 -0.15 WATER BODY 16874.6562 -17 -539.334 0 787.5576 0 Table 4.3 Land use land cover change of Ilorin and its environs: 1972, 1986 and 2001 From table 4.3, there seems to be a negative change i.e. a reduction in farm land between 1972 and 1986. This may not be unconnected to the change in the economic base of the city from farming to other white collar jobs as a result of the creation of Kwara State in 1967 in which Ilorin was made the state capital. Subsequently, built-up land increased by 8% while both forest land and waste land both increased by 10% and 16% respectively. Many projects were embarked on after the creation of Kwara State which also falls within the oil boom era of the 1970s and this attracted a lot of people to the area thus contributing to the physical expansion of the city as evident in the increased land consumption rate from 0.005 to 0.02 and land absorption coefficient by 0.09 between 1972 and 1986. Many of these projects include the Army barracks at Sobi, Adewole Housing Estate, the International Airport, Niger River Basin Authority Headquarters, University of Ilorin among many others which all encouraged migration into the city. The period between 1986 and 2001 witnessed a drop in the rate at which the physical expansion of the city was going as against 1972 and 1986. For instance, the built-up land only increased by 1% as against the 8% increase between 1972 and 1986. This is also evident in the drop observed in the land absorption coefficient from 0.09 between 1972 and 1986. In deed, the austerity measure known as (SAP) introduced into the country at this period to restore the countrys economy could be a major factor to what was witnessed at this period. Also, there was a general increase of 7% in farm land which is evident in the 7% reduction of waste land and 1% reduction of forest land. This may be as a result of the shift back towards farming after the initial excitement of the oil boom which attracted many people from farming to white collar jobs. Furthermore, water body seems to remain at 1% though there are slight differences in the total hectare between this period. This was not so in 1972 because Asa river was not yet dammed which was the case in the period between 1986 and 2001 as shown in the maps. MAP II. Derived from landsat image of Ilorin in 1986 4.4 Nature and Location of Change in Land Use Land Cover An important aspect of change detection is to determine what is actually changing to what i.e. which land use class is changing to the other. This information will reveal both the desirable and undesirable changes and classes that are relatively stable overtime. This information will also serve as a vital tool in management decisions. This process involves a pixel to pixel comparison of the study year images through overlay. In terms of location of change, the emphasis is on built-up land. Map IV shows this change between 1972 and 1986. The observation here is that there seem to exist a growth away from the city center following the concentric theory of city growth postulated by Christaller (1933). Although the pattern seems to be uniform, there exist more growth MAP III. Derived from landsat image of Ilorin in 2001 towards the south western part of the city comprising of the Asa dam area, Adewole Estate and Airport. Between 1986 and 2001 as shown in Map V, there exist dra stic reductions in the spatial expansion of the city. The only noticeable growths are on the edges of the developed areas of 1986 built-up land. For the projected change as shown in Map VI, the edges of built-up land seems to have been filled up with developments by 2001 leaving the only noticeable developments to areas around the city center. These therefore suggest that there might be a high level of compactness in Ilorin by 2015. On the other hand, looking at the nature of change under stability i.e. areas with no change and instability- loss or gain by each class between 1972 and 1986 particularly in the change in hectares as observable in table 4.1, stability seems to be a relative term as no class is actually stable during this period except when observed from the percentage change. Thus, between 1972 and 1986, farm land has a loss of 17% but gained by 7% between 1986 and 2001. Waste land on the other hand gained by 16% between 1972 and 1986 but lost by 7% between 1986 and 2001. Built-up land increased i.e. gained by 8% between 1972 and 1986 which is incomparable with the reduced increase of 1% between 1986 and 2001. Forest land gained by 10% between 1972 and 1986 but lost by 1% between 1986 and 2001, while water body being arbitrarily exaggerated in 1972 could not be compared with 1986 but there exist a relative stability in this class between 1986 and 2001 as evident in the 0% increase shown in the table. MAP IV. Derived from the overlay of 1972 and 1986 Land use land cover map MAP V. Derived from the overlay of 1986 and 2001 Land use land cover map 4.5 Transition Probability Matrix The transition probability matrix records the probability that each land cover category will change to the other category. This matrix is produced by the multiplication of each column in the transition probability matrix be the number of cells of corresponding land use in the later image. For the 5 by 5 matrix table presented below, the rows represent the older land cover categories and the column represents the newer categories. Although this matrix can be used as a direct input for specification of the prior probabilities in maximum likelihood classification of the remotely sensed imagery, it was however used in predicting land use land cover of 2015. CLASSES FARM LAND WASTE LAND BUILT-UP LAND FOREST LAND WATER BODY FARM LAND 0.1495 0.5553 0.0885 0.1969 0.0097 WASTE LAND 0.1385 0.5132 0.1735 0.1692 0.0057 BUILT-UP LAND 0.0471 0.3902 0.5029 0.0507 0.0090 FOREST LAND 0.2163 0.4050 0.0501 0.3203 0.0083 WATER BODY 0.1682 0.4378 0.0633 0.3174 0.0133 Table 4.5: Transitional Probability table derived from the land use land cover map of 1986 and 2001 Row categories represent land use land cover classes in 2001 whilst column categories represent 2015 classes. As seen from the table, farm land has a 0.1495 probability of remaining farm land and a 0.5553 of changing to waste land in 2015. This therefore shows an undesirable change (reduction), with a probability of change which is much higher than stability. Waste land during this period will likely maintain its position as the highest class with a 0.5132 probability of remaining waste land in 2015.Built-up land also has a probability as high as 0.5029 to remain as built-up land in 2015 which signifies stability. On the other hand, the 0.4050 probability of change from forest land to waste land shows that there might likely be a high level of instability in forest land during this period. Water body which is the last class has a 0.0133 probability of remaining as water body and a 0.4378 probability of changing to waste land; which may not however be a true projection of this class except there is an occurrence of drought in the region. 4.6 Land Use Land Cover Projection for 2015 LAND USE LAND COVER CLASSES FARM LAND WASTE LAND BUIL-UP LAND FOREST LAND WATER BODY 2015 AREA IN HECTARES 16583.5458 47432.4759 11026.456 20397.8718 509.1183 AREA IN PERCENTAGE 17 50 11 21 1 Table 4.6: Projected Land use land cover for 2015 The table above shows the statistic of land use land cover projection for 2015. Comparing the percentage representations of this table and that of table 4.1, there exist similarities in the observed distribution particularly in 2001. This may tend to suggest no change in the classes between 2001 and 2015, but a careful look at the area in hectares between these two tables shows a change though meager. Thus in table 4.6, waste land still maintains the highest position in the class whilst water body retains its least position. Forest land takes up the next position, followed by built-up land and finally, farm land. As seen in Map VI, there is likely to be compactness in Ilorin by 2015 which signifies crowdedness. MAP VI. Derived from the 1986 and 2001 land use land cover map MAP VII. Derived from the overlay of 2001 and 2015 Land use land cover map CHAPTER FIVE 5.1 Findings, Implications and Recommendations ÃÆ'ËÅ" There is likely going to be crowdedness brought by compactness in Ilorin come 2015. This situation will have negative implications in the area because of the associated problems of crowdedness like crime and easy spread of diseases. It is therefore suggested that encouragement should be given to people to build towards the outskirts through the provision of incentives and forces of attraction that are available at the city center in these areas. ÃÆ'ËÅ" Indeed, between the period of 1986 and 2001, there has been a reduction in the spatial expansion of Ilorin compared to the period between 1972 and 1986. There is a possibility of continual reduction in this state over the next 14yrs. This may therefore suggest that the city has reduced in producing functions that attracted migration into the area. Indeed, there have been many defunct industries within this period. It is therefore suggested here that Kwara State government should encourage investors both local and foreig n and more importantly, see how the defunct industries will come up again. ÃÆ'ËÅ" After the initial reduction in farm land between 1972 and 1986, the city has witnessed a steady growth in this class and in deed, may continue in this trend in 2001/2015. For this projection to be realistic, it suggested here that a deliberate attempt should be made by the State government to achieve this since this will lead to food security and more importantly, it will be a source of revenue to the State. ÃÆ'ËÅ" Waste land seems to be reducing between 1986 and 2001 and between 2001 and 2015 thus signifying a desirable change. ÃÆ'ËÅ" Forest land has been steady in reduction between 1986 and 2001 and in deed; this may likely be the trend 2001/2015. It will be in the good of the State and in deed, the Nation as a whole if the moderate reduction in forest land observed in-between 1986 and 2001 which is also projected by 2015 is upheld. ÃÆ'ËÅ" Land consumption rate which is a measure of compactness which indicates a progressive spatial expansion of a city was high in 1972/86 but drop between 1986 and 2001 and this drop is also anticipated before 2015. ÃÆ'ËÅ" Also, land absorption coefficient being a measure of consumption of new urban land by each unit increase in urban population which was high between 1972 and 1986, reduced between 1986 and 2001. This therefore suggests that the rate at which new lands are acquired for development is low. This may also be the trend in 2001/2015 as there seems to be concentration of development at the city center rather than expanding towards the outskirts. This may be as a result of peoples reluctance to move away from the center of activities to the outskirts of the city. 5.2 Summary and Conclusion This research work demonstrates the ability of GIS and Remote Sensing in capturing spatial-temporal data. Attempt was made to capture as accurate as possible five land use land cover classes as they change through time. Except for the inability to accurately map out water body in 1972 due to the aforementioned limitation, the five classes were distinctly produced for each study year but with more emphasis on built-up land as it is a combination of anthropogenic activities that make up this class; and indeed, it is one that affects the other classes. In achieving this, Land Consumption Rate and Land Absorption Coefficient were introduced into the research work. An attempt was also made at generating a formula for estimating population growth using the recommended National Population Commission 2.1% growth rate. However, the result of the work shows a rapid growth in built-up land between 1972 and 1986 while the periods between 1986 and 2001 witnessed a reduction in this class. It was also observed that change by 2015 may likely follow the trend in 1986/2001 all things being equal. REFERENCES Adeniyi P.O and Omojola A. 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ASPRS-ACSM Annual Conference and FIG XXII Congress pg.2. Dimyati, et al.(1995). An Analysis of Land Use/Land Cover Change Using the Combination of MSS Landsat and Land Use Map- A case study of Yogyakarta, Indonesia, International Journal of Remote Sensing 17(5): 931 944. ERDAS, Inc. 1992. ERDAS Production Services Map State for Georgia DNR in the Monitor, Vol. 4, No 1, ERDAS, Inc, Atlanta, GA. EOSAT 1992. Landsat TM Classification International Georgia Wetlands in EOSAT Data User Notes, Vol. 7, No 1, EOSAT Company, Lanham, MD. EOSAT 1994. EOSAT,s Statewide Purchase Plan Keeps South Carolina Residents in the know, in EOSAT Notes, Vol. 9, No 1, EOSAT Company Lanham, MD. ERDAS Field Guide. 1999. Earth Resources Data Analysis System. ERDAS Inc. Atlanta, Georgia. p. 628. Fitzpatric-lins et al (1987). Producing Alaska Interim Land Cover Maps from Landsat Digital and Ancillary Data, in Proceedings of the 11th Annual William T. Pecora Memorial Symposium: Satel lite Land Remote Sensing: current programs and a look into the future American Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Pp. 339 347. Idrisi 32 guide to GIS and Image processing, volume 1, Release 2. Pp. 17 Kwara State of Nigeria (1997) Kwara State Diary, Government press Ilorin. Macleod Congalton. 1998. A Quantitative Comparison of Change Detection Algorithms for Monitoring Eelgrass from Remotely Sensed Data. Photogrammetric Engineering Remote Sensing. Vol. 64. No. 3. p. 207 216. Meyer, W.B. 1995. Past and Present Land-use and Land-cover in the U.S.A. Consequences. p.24-33. Moshen A, (1999). Environmental Land Use Change Detection and Assessment Using with Multi temporal Satellite Imagery. Zanjan University. Olaniran, J.O (2002). Rainfall Anomalies in Nigeria: The contemporary Understanding. 55th inaugural lecture, University press Ilorin. Olorunfemi J.F (1983). Monitoring Urban Land Use in Developed Countries An aerial photographic approach, Environ mental Int.9, 27 32. Oyebanji, J. O. (1993),Kwara State in Udo, R.K and Mamman, A.D (Eds), Nigeria: Giant in the Tropics, Vol. 2, State Survey, Gabumo Publishing Co. Ltd. Lagos. Oyegun, R.O (1983). Water Resources in Kwara State. Matanmi and Sons printing and publishing Co. Ltd. Ilorin. Oyegun R.O (1985), The Use and Waste of Water in a Third World City GeoJornal, Reidel Publishing Company, 10.2,205 210. Riebsame, W.E., Meyer, W.B., and Turner, B.L. II. 1994. Modeling Land-use and Cover as Part of Global Environmental Change. Climate Change. Vol. 28. p. 45. Shoshany, M, et al (1994). Monitoring Temporal Vegetation Cover Changes in Mediterranean and Arid Ecosystems Using a Remote Sensing Technique: case study of the Judean Mountain and the Judean Desert. Journal of Arid Environments, 33: 9 21. Singh, A. 1989. Digital Change Detection Techniques Using Remotely Sensed Data. International Journal of Remote Sensing. Vol. 10, No. 6, p. 989-1003. U.S. Geological Sur vey, 1999. The Landsat Satellite System Link, USGS on the World Wide Web. URL: https://landsat7.usgs.gov/landsat_sat.html. 11/10/99. University of Ilorin, Department of Geography. (1981) Ilorin Atlas; Ilorin University press Wilkie, D.S., and Finn, J.T. 1996. Remote Sensing Imagery for Natural Resources Monitoring. Columbia University Press, New York. p. 295. Xiaomei Y and Ronqing L.Q. Y, (1999). Change Detection Based on Remote Sensing Information Model and its Application to Coastal Line of Yellow River Delta Earth Observation Center, NASDA, China. Yeates, M and Garner, B. (1976). The North American City, Harper and Row Pub. New York. FIGURE I: LAND USE LAND COVER CATEGORIES OF ILORIN IN 1972 FIGURE II: LAND USE LAND COVER CATEGORIES OF ILORIN IN 1986 FIGURE III: LAND USE LAND COVER CATEGORIES OF ILORIN IN 2001 FIGURE IV: LAND USE LAND COVER CATEGORIES OF ILORIN IN 2015 20

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Leonardo Da Vinci greatest painter Essay Leonardo Dad Vinci (1452-1519) was one of the greatest artists of the Italian Renaissance, and the greatest experiment scientist of his age. Leonardo Dad Vinci was a painter, sculptor, architect, musician, and critic. He is a leading light of the Italian Renaissance. Leonardo Dad Vinci affected society in a wonderful way. Leonardo Dad Vinci made advancements in technology and medical. He also changed the way people looked at the body. Leonardo Dad Vinci was born on April 15, 1452 in Vinci, Italy. He was born out of wedlock, to Seer Piper dad Vinci, a prominent notary and a local peasant woman, We will write a custom essay on Leonardo Da Vinci greatest painter specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Catering. He was raised by his father and stepmothers. Leonardo Dad Vinci was apprentice to Veronica. Veronica was also an Italian sculptor and painter as well as a goldsmith. He was a wonderful trainer for Leonardo Dad Vinci. Leonardo recorded his childhood memory in his notebooks. He loved to record his memories in a notebook. Leonardo spent a great deal of his childhood outdoors observing nature and possibly sketching it as well. Leonardo was an illegitimate child and that had an effect on his personal development. Leonardo father was considered middle class and as Leonardo being bastard child he would never be able to attend a university or even becomes a notary like his father. Leonardo mother soon left him to be with her legitimate children. Even though he lived with his father, his father spent most of his days with his uncle Francesco, tending to animals and exploring farmland. He observed the nature and landscape that he grew up later to sketch. Leonardo first artwork as a Leonardo early work began when he painted with his trainer Veronica. In the sass some of his important was the Virgin of the Rocks. Two of the three paintings were never finished in this time period. Leonardo went to Milan and completed some work. He completed the Madonna of the Rocks, in his early years. The Last Supper, was one of the most famous paintings in the world. Leonardo Dad Vinci created The Last Supper painting during the time he was supposed to create a silver lyre, and bring it to the Duke of Milan as a gesture of peace. It shows Leonardo amazing knowledge of anatomy and perspective. Leonardo Dad Vines work contained ethereal quality. He achieved this by blending light and shadow. Color wasnt that important to him as volume was. He completed this task through light and shade. The Last Supper represents the last meal Jesus shared with his disciples. The Mona Lisa was absolutely Leonardo Dad Vines most famous paintings. Mona Lisa is one of the most written about and sung about paintings in the world. Mona Lisa didnt have eyebrows or eyelashes. It is a painting that is famously talked about today. It is one of the most famous paintings in the world. People look at the Mona Lisa with amazement in their eyes. The painting is the wife of a merchant named Giaconda. People like the simplicity and dignity of Leonardo Dad Vines painting. The smile in the painting sakes you wonder what he had on his mind and why the smile is so mysterious. The Mona Lisa has survived for more than five hundred years. Leonardo Dad Vinci has about fifteen paintings that survive. He was an amazing painting in the Renaissance Period. Leonardo Dad Vinci understood principles about machines and processes that were not put to use until after Leonardo Dad Vinci died. A company called The International Business Machine corporation built many models from Leonardo Dad Vines drawings. .u34aea956028c909b99b86e4f5e2399ce , .u34aea956028c909b99b86e4f5e2399ce .postImageUrl , .u34aea956028c909b99b86e4f5e2399ce .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u34aea956028c909b99b86e4f5e2399ce , .u34aea956028c909b99b86e4f5e2399ce:hover , .u34aea956028c909b99b86e4f5e2399ce:visited , .u34aea956028c909b99b86e4f5e2399ce:active { border:0!important; } .u34aea956028c909b99b86e4f5e2399ce .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u34aea956028c909b99b86e4f5e2399ce { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u34aea956028c909b99b86e4f5e2399ce:active , .u34aea956028c909b99b86e4f5e2399ce:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u34aea956028c909b99b86e4f5e2399ce .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u34aea956028c909b99b86e4f5e2399ce .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u34aea956028c909b99b86e4f5e2399ce .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u34aea956028c909b99b86e4f5e2399ce .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u34aea956028c909b99b86e4f5e2399ce:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u34aea956028c909b99b86e4f5e2399ce .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u34aea956028c909b99b86e4f5e2399ce .u34aea956028c909b99b86e4f5e2399ce-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u34aea956028c909b99b86e4f5e2399ce:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Art History: The Movement II: People EssayHe used principles of geometry involved in his sketches for many years to help work on plans for Saint Pewters Church and other buildings in Rome. Leonardo Dad Vinci studied landscapes, rock formations, and the movement of water. He painted pictures of these things. Sometimes Leonardo Dad Vinci would write his notes backwards and read then with a mirror. Dad Vinci trained in anatomy. He went on studying anatomy and concentrated his engineering on research on hydraulics and aeronautics. Leonardo Dad Vince sketched on eighteen sheets and had more than two hundred and forty drawings and notes running to more than thirteen thousand wor ds. He used a mirror to read his words. He drew a lot of pictures of the human body. He also studied the anatomy of animals. Leonardo Dad Vinci did so much in his life that he changed the way people looked at life its self. Dad Vinci was an extraordinary man. He came up with solutions to things that people have tried to fugue out to today. Many people regard Leonardo as the most original and capable man of the Renaissance. He dealt with many problems. Many people are interested in Leonardo Dad Vines notebook. He wrote his notes backwards with his left hand. As many as seven thousand pages from his notebook exist today. He drew ideas and inventions in his notebook and he wrote all his notes in the backward form. Its amazing that he could actually write his notes and be able the upward form. He was an amazing human being to be able to understand and process information in a way that many people would be confused. He commented on principles of anatomy and the philosophy of living. Experts study and translate his writings. Researchers analyze his paintings using scientific techniques. Leonardo is considered to be a universal genius. Five centuries have passed and people still view him with awe today. He helped scientists and people with medical and scientific technology that occurs in the twentieth first century. His life and how he viewed everything was remarkable, if Dad Vinci was alive today there would probably be many more discoveries in medicine and anatomy.